apraxia
apraxia - . A loss or diminution in
ability, caused by neurological
impairment usually in the left
hemisphere of the brain, to perform purposeful bodily movements or
gestures on request, though often with
apparently unimpaired ability to
perform them when they arise in
natural contexts (such as when circumstances call for waving goodbye
to someone), the impairment not being
due to paralysis or poor comprehension.
The major forms are:
akinetic apraxia (impaired ability to perform a spontaneous gesture);
amnesic apraxia (impaired ability to
perform purposeful bodily movements
or gestures on request because of
amnesia for the request, also written amnestic apraxia);
constructional apraxia (impaired ability
to copy simple drawings or patterns);
dressing apraxia (impaired ability to
dress);
gait apraxia (impaired ability to walk);
ideational apraxia (impaired ability to
repeat previously well-established
actions);
ideomotor apraxia (impaired ability to imitate unfamiliar actions, also called
motor apraxia or ideokinetic apraxia);
left-sided apraxia (impaired ability to
carry out verbal requests with the left
side of the body, resulting from damage
to the corpus callosum preventing
impulses from the left hemisphere
reaching the right motor cortex, also
called callosal apraxia,
sympathetic apraxia, unilateral limb apraxia);
oculomotor apraxia (impaired ability to
make eye movements, also called ocular apraxia or optic apraxia);
oral apraxia (impaired ability to
perform actions of the mouth and
tongue, such as opening the mouth or protruding the tongue);
paramimia (impaired ability to gesture);
sensory apraxia (another name for
ideational apraxia);
speech apraxia (impaired ability to
speak, without other language
impairments).
Aphasia
aphasia - An impairment of expression
or comprehension of language caused by injury or disease in the language
centres of the brain.
The major forms related specifically
to speech are:
acoustic-mnestic aphasia (impaired
ability to recall lists of words or to
repeat long sentences, caused by a
lesion in the left temporal lobe of the brain);
agrammatism (impairment in ability to arrange words in their correct order, to
use function words properly, and/or to
use accidence appropriately in an
inflecting language);
amnesic aphasia (impaired ability to
retrieve words that are required for
fluent speech, also written amnestic
aphasia );
anomic aphasia (impaired ability to
name objects or representations of
objects, also called anomia; aphemia
(another name for Broca's aphasia);
ataxic aphasia (another name for
Broca's aphasia);
auditory aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
Broca's aphasia (impaired ability to
speak, with intact ability to comprehend speech, associated with damage to
Broca's area of the brain);
conduction aphasia (impaired ability to repeat spoken words, together with
errors in word selection in spontaneous speech, resulting from damage to the
links between auditory and motor areas
of the brain;
dynamic aphasia (a variant of nonfluent aphasia characterized by almost total
failure to initiate speech but an intact
ability to name objects, to read, and to repeat sentences);
dysprosody (impaired ability to produce
the appropriate prosody required in
speech);
expressive aphasia (another name for Broca's aphasia);
fluent aphasia (any form of aphasia,
such as Wernicke's aphasia or
conduction aphasia, in which speech
flows without difficulty, but either
language comprehension is impaired or
the speech is unintelligible);
ideomotor aphasia (a generic term for transcortical motor aphasia,
transcortical sensory aphasia, and
mixed transcortical aphasia);
jargon aphasia (copious unintelligible speech); laloplegia (a form of aphasia resulting from paralysis of the muscles
of the vocal tract and not those of the tongue);
mixed transcortical aphasia (a blend of transcortical motor aphasia and
transcortical sensory aphasia, with
impaired spontaneous speech but intact
ability to repeat spoken language;);
motor aphasia (another name for
Broca's aphasia);
nominal aphasia (a form of amnesic
aphasia in which there is an impaired
ability to retrieve the names of people
or things);
non-fluent aphasia (any form of
aphasia, such as Broca's aphasia, in
which speech is impaired);
optic aphasia (selective impairment in ability to name objects presented
visually, with intact ability to name
them after touching them);
paraphasia (habitual substitution of
one word for another);
receptive aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
sensory aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
spasmophemia (speech that is impaired
by spasms of the muscles in the vocal
tract);
standard aphasia (sparse speech with content words but few function words);
syntactic aphasia (impaired ability to arrange words in grammatical
sequence);
tactile aphasia (selective impairment in ability to name objects by touch alone,
with intact ability to name them after
seeing them);
transcortical motor aphasia (any form
of aphasia resulting from disconnection
of fibre tracts across the cortex to
motor areas, resulting in impaired spontaneous speech but intact ability to repeat spoken language;
transcortical sensory aphasia (any
form of aphasia resulting from
disconnection of fibre tracts across the cortex to sensory areas, resulting in
impaired spontaneous speech but intact ability to repeat spoken language;);
visual aphasia (another name for
alexia);
Wernicke's aphasia (impaired ability to understand speech, with intact ability
to speak fluently, though not always intelligibly, associated with damage to Wernicke's area in the brain).
Agnosia
agnosia n. A term introduced in 1891 by
the Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
(1856–1939), nowadays denoting an impairment of ability to recognize or
identify familiar objects, entities, or
people, usually as a result of a
neurological deficit or disorder.
The major forms are:
ahylognosia (impaired ability to
discriminate by touch such physical properties of objects as their weight, density, or texture;);
amorphognosia (impaired ability to
recognize by touch the size and shape
of objects;);
anosognosia (impaired ability or refusal
to recognize that one has a sensory or
motor impairment or, in some cases
following a massive stroke and
hemiplegia, even to recognize part of
one's body as one's own);
apperceptive agnosia (impaired ability
to identify and discriminate between objects, usually associated with right hemisphere brain damage, also called
visual shape agnosia, in contrast to associative agnosia);
asomatagnosia (impaired ability to
recognize one's own body or part of it;);
associative agnosia (impaired ability to interpret or give meaning to objects, as
in failing to understand that a
4-inch-long hollow cylinder, closed at
one end, with a loop attached to the
outside, is a mug, in contrast to
apperceptive agnosia);
auditory agnosia (impaired ability to recognize or identify familiar sounds or
spoken words);
autotopagnosia (impaired ability to
identify parts of one's own body, often indicative of lesions in the pathway
between the thalamus and the parietal lobes;);
colour agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify colours in spite of intact colour discrimination and
adequate language skills;) ;
finger agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize, identify, differentiate,
name, select, or indicate individual
fingers of either hand, hence a form of autotopagnosia);
gustatory agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify tastes);
Haptic agnosia (another name for
tactile agnosia);
horologagnosia (impaired ability to tell
the time);
integrative agnosia (intact ability to recognize elements of perceptual forms with impaired ability to integrate the elements into perceptual wholes);
logagnosia (another name for
Wernicke's aphasia, see under aphasia);
object blindness (impaired ability to
identify objects that are clearly
perceived);
olfactory agnosia (impaired ability to recognize or identify smells);
optic agnosia (impaired ability to
identify objects by sight, with intact
ability to identify them by touch);
phonagnosia (impaired ability to
identify people by their voices);
prosopagnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify previously familiar faces, sometimes even those of close relatives, such faces being identified as faces but not as belonging to particular known people, this form of agnosia
usually being associated with damage to
the posterior right hemisphere);
simultanagnosia (impaired ability to
perceive more than one object at the
same time, often occurring as a
symptom of Bálint's syndrome);
tactile agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify objects by touch
alone, also called haptic agnosia,
tactoagnosia,);
topagnosia (impaired ability to identify which part of one's body has been
touched,) ;
topographagnosia (impaired ability to
find one's way around, read maps, draw
plans, and perform similar tasks, often associated with damage to the right hemisphere parietal lobe,);
transformational agnosia (impaired
ability to recognize objects viewed
from unusual angles, such as a tennis
racket seen from its side, based on the assumption that the impairment derives
from a deficit in the ability to
transform the major or minor
axis—length or width—when it appears foreshortened, often associated with damage to the right parietal lobe, also
called apperceptive agnosia);
visual agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify visual images or stimuli);
visual shape agnosia (impaired ability
to identify and discriminate between objects, usually associated with right hemisphere brain damage, also called
visual apperceptive agnosia,);
visuospatial agnosia (impaired ability to count a small number of scattered
objects, coupled with peculiar alignment
of handwriting, such as confining the
words to only one half of a page,
impairment in reading ability, impaired
ability to copy simple drawings, often associated with damage to the right hemisphere at the junction of the
occipital and parietal lobes,
apraxia - . A loss or diminution in
ability, caused by neurological
impairment usually in the left
hemisphere of the brain, to perform purposeful bodily movements or
gestures on request, though often with
apparently unimpaired ability to
perform them when they arise in
natural contexts (such as when circumstances call for waving goodbye
to someone), the impairment not being
due to paralysis or poor comprehension.
The major forms are:
akinetic apraxia (impaired ability to perform a spontaneous gesture);
amnesic apraxia (impaired ability to
perform purposeful bodily movements
or gestures on request because of
amnesia for the request, also written amnestic apraxia);
constructional apraxia (impaired ability
to copy simple drawings or patterns);
dressing apraxia (impaired ability to
dress);
gait apraxia (impaired ability to walk);
ideational apraxia (impaired ability to
repeat previously well-established
actions);
ideomotor apraxia (impaired ability to imitate unfamiliar actions, also called
motor apraxia or ideokinetic apraxia);
left-sided apraxia (impaired ability to
carry out verbal requests with the left
side of the body, resulting from damage
to the corpus callosum preventing
impulses from the left hemisphere
reaching the right motor cortex, also
called callosal apraxia,
sympathetic apraxia, unilateral limb apraxia);
oculomotor apraxia (impaired ability to
make eye movements, also called ocular apraxia or optic apraxia);
oral apraxia (impaired ability to
perform actions of the mouth and
tongue, such as opening the mouth or protruding the tongue);
paramimia (impaired ability to gesture);
sensory apraxia (another name for
ideational apraxia);
speech apraxia (impaired ability to
speak, without other language
impairments).
Aphasia
aphasia - An impairment of expression
or comprehension of language caused by injury or disease in the language
centres of the brain.
The major forms related specifically
to speech are:
acoustic-mnestic aphasia (impaired
ability to recall lists of words or to
repeat long sentences, caused by a
lesion in the left temporal lobe of the brain);
agrammatism (impairment in ability to arrange words in their correct order, to
use function words properly, and/or to
use accidence appropriately in an
inflecting language);
amnesic aphasia (impaired ability to
retrieve words that are required for
fluent speech, also written amnestic
aphasia );
anomic aphasia (impaired ability to
name objects or representations of
objects, also called anomia; aphemia
(another name for Broca's aphasia);
ataxic aphasia (another name for
Broca's aphasia);
auditory aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
Broca's aphasia (impaired ability to
speak, with intact ability to comprehend speech, associated with damage to
Broca's area of the brain);
conduction aphasia (impaired ability to repeat spoken words, together with
errors in word selection in spontaneous speech, resulting from damage to the
links between auditory and motor areas
of the brain;
dynamic aphasia (a variant of nonfluent aphasia characterized by almost total
failure to initiate speech but an intact
ability to name objects, to read, and to repeat sentences);
dysprosody (impaired ability to produce
the appropriate prosody required in
speech);
expressive aphasia (another name for Broca's aphasia);
fluent aphasia (any form of aphasia,
such as Wernicke's aphasia or
conduction aphasia, in which speech
flows without difficulty, but either
language comprehension is impaired or
the speech is unintelligible);
ideomotor aphasia (a generic term for transcortical motor aphasia,
transcortical sensory aphasia, and
mixed transcortical aphasia);
jargon aphasia (copious unintelligible speech); laloplegia (a form of aphasia resulting from paralysis of the muscles
of the vocal tract and not those of the tongue);
mixed transcortical aphasia (a blend of transcortical motor aphasia and
transcortical sensory aphasia, with
impaired spontaneous speech but intact
ability to repeat spoken language;);
motor aphasia (another name for
Broca's aphasia);
nominal aphasia (a form of amnesic
aphasia in which there is an impaired
ability to retrieve the names of people
or things);
non-fluent aphasia (any form of
aphasia, such as Broca's aphasia, in
which speech is impaired);
optic aphasia (selective impairment in ability to name objects presented
visually, with intact ability to name
them after touching them);
paraphasia (habitual substitution of
one word for another);
receptive aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
sensory aphasia (another name for Wernicke's aphasia);
spasmophemia (speech that is impaired
by spasms of the muscles in the vocal
tract);
standard aphasia (sparse speech with content words but few function words);
syntactic aphasia (impaired ability to arrange words in grammatical
sequence);
tactile aphasia (selective impairment in ability to name objects by touch alone,
with intact ability to name them after
seeing them);
transcortical motor aphasia (any form
of aphasia resulting from disconnection
of fibre tracts across the cortex to
motor areas, resulting in impaired spontaneous speech but intact ability to repeat spoken language;
transcortical sensory aphasia (any
form of aphasia resulting from
disconnection of fibre tracts across the cortex to sensory areas, resulting in
impaired spontaneous speech but intact ability to repeat spoken language;);
visual aphasia (another name for
alexia);
Wernicke's aphasia (impaired ability to understand speech, with intact ability
to speak fluently, though not always intelligibly, associated with damage to Wernicke's area in the brain).
Agnosia
agnosia n. A term introduced in 1891 by
the Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
(1856–1939), nowadays denoting an impairment of ability to recognize or
identify familiar objects, entities, or
people, usually as a result of a
neurological deficit or disorder.
The major forms are:
ahylognosia (impaired ability to
discriminate by touch such physical properties of objects as their weight, density, or texture;);
amorphognosia (impaired ability to
recognize by touch the size and shape
of objects;);
anosognosia (impaired ability or refusal
to recognize that one has a sensory or
motor impairment or, in some cases
following a massive stroke and
hemiplegia, even to recognize part of
one's body as one's own);
apperceptive agnosia (impaired ability
to identify and discriminate between objects, usually associated with right hemisphere brain damage, also called
visual shape agnosia, in contrast to associative agnosia);
asomatagnosia (impaired ability to
recognize one's own body or part of it;);
associative agnosia (impaired ability to interpret or give meaning to objects, as
in failing to understand that a
4-inch-long hollow cylinder, closed at
one end, with a loop attached to the
outside, is a mug, in contrast to
apperceptive agnosia);
auditory agnosia (impaired ability to recognize or identify familiar sounds or
spoken words);
autotopagnosia (impaired ability to
identify parts of one's own body, often indicative of lesions in the pathway
between the thalamus and the parietal lobes;);
colour agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify colours in spite of intact colour discrimination and
adequate language skills;) ;
finger agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize, identify, differentiate,
name, select, or indicate individual
fingers of either hand, hence a form of autotopagnosia);
gustatory agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify tastes);
Haptic agnosia (another name for
tactile agnosia);
horologagnosia (impaired ability to tell
the time);
integrative agnosia (intact ability to recognize elements of perceptual forms with impaired ability to integrate the elements into perceptual wholes);
logagnosia (another name for
Wernicke's aphasia, see under aphasia);
object blindness (impaired ability to
identify objects that are clearly
perceived);
olfactory agnosia (impaired ability to recognize or identify smells);
optic agnosia (impaired ability to
identify objects by sight, with intact
ability to identify them by touch);
phonagnosia (impaired ability to
identify people by their voices);
prosopagnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify previously familiar faces, sometimes even those of close relatives, such faces being identified as faces but not as belonging to particular known people, this form of agnosia
usually being associated with damage to
the posterior right hemisphere);
simultanagnosia (impaired ability to
perceive more than one object at the
same time, often occurring as a
symptom of Bálint's syndrome);
tactile agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify objects by touch
alone, also called haptic agnosia,
tactoagnosia,);
topagnosia (impaired ability to identify which part of one's body has been
touched,) ;
topographagnosia (impaired ability to
find one's way around, read maps, draw
plans, and perform similar tasks, often associated with damage to the right hemisphere parietal lobe,);
transformational agnosia (impaired
ability to recognize objects viewed
from unusual angles, such as a tennis
racket seen from its side, based on the assumption that the impairment derives
from a deficit in the ability to
transform the major or minor
axis—length or width—when it appears foreshortened, often associated with damage to the right parietal lobe, also
called apperceptive agnosia);
visual agnosia (impaired ability to
recognize or identify visual images or stimuli);
visual shape agnosia (impaired ability
to identify and discriminate between objects, usually associated with right hemisphere brain damage, also called
visual apperceptive agnosia,);
visuospatial agnosia (impaired ability to count a small number of scattered
objects, coupled with peculiar alignment
of handwriting, such as confining the
words to only one half of a page,
impairment in reading ability, impaired
ability to copy simple drawings, often associated with damage to the right hemisphere at the junction of the
occipital and parietal lobes,
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